https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPTL5x0QW-Y&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtP5mp25nStsuDzk2blncJDW&index=10&ab_channel=CrashCourse

How Bodies Make Sounds

Consonants (review)

台語 : 爸 [p] 打 [p$^h$] 肉 [b]

Vowels

Sounds (with vocal folds vibrating) produced with at most only a slight narrowing somewhere in the vocal tract, allowing air to flow freely through the oral cavity.

English : more than 10 vowels (指聲音)

Formants (共振峰)

• appears as a dark band on the spectrogram
• different vowels are characterized by different formant profiles
• "sound-filter theory" : vocal tract creating distinct patterns of resonating formant frequencies for each vowel
• F1 F2 (first & second peaks) are importnant for differentiating vowels

<aside> 👅 Traditional views of vowels : tongue's height and backness.

</aside>

Vowel Features

• tongue height - lowers F1

• tongue advancement - lowers F2

• *perturotion theory

  Perturbation theory

• rigidity

• roundedness (圓唇)